Interestingly, proinflammatory activity has been associated with structural brain changes as well as with the cognitive and motor dysfunctions seen in each of these disorders. Moreover, these cytokine changes are comparably present in these disorders, again suggesting a common underlying pathway for immune dysfunction. In sum, central nervous immune dysregulation may critically affect symptoms of psychotic disorders.īesides central immune abnormalities, peripheral proinflammatory cytokine alterations have been found in these three illnesses. Finally, a proinflammatory state has an impact on growth factor levels (such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor or vascular endothelial growth factor) in mood and psychotic disorders, generally influencing synaptic homeostasis and neuronal regeneration. who demonstrated microglial kynurenine metabolites not only to correlate with symptom severity in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenia patients but also to predict clinical change at 4 weeks of treatment. This is in line with the findings of Condray et al. Moreover, across psychotic disorders including schizophrenia, BD, and MDD, both quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid were shown to be dysregulated, affecting glutamatergic and cholinergic neurotransmission, which may bridge immune effects and mood- and psychosis-related symptoms. Interestingly, the microglia-generated metabolites are known to be neurotoxic. This pathway consists of two branches, with 3-OH-kynurenine and quinolinic acid being produced by microglia on the one hand and kynurenic acid by astrocytes on the other. Moreover, the kynurenine pathway, which is activated by inflammatory cytokines, additionally accounts for altered brain operation in these illnesses. Activated microglia have been associated with excessive synaptic pruning in schizophrenia, thus affecting brain structure and functioning. Centrally, immune alterations are evidenced by abnormal microglial activation patterns as well as a disequilibrium in the kynurenine pathway. Peripheral and central immune abnormalities are present in both mood and psychotic disorders. Immune Abnormalities in Mood and Psychotic Disorders A model for immune dysregulation and OS towards psychotic and mood symptoms.
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